![]() He suspended 300 ministers and fired 80 more, which led some of them to found more Separatist churches. The same year, Richard Bancroft became Archbishop of Canterbury and launched a campaign against Puritanism and the Separatists. Many Puritans had hoped that reforms and reconciliation would be possible when James came to power which would allow them independence, but the Hampton Court Conference of 1604 denied nearly all of the concessions which they had requested-except for an authorized English translation of the Bible. But the Papistes are opposite and contrarie in very many substantiall pointes of religion, and cannot but wishe the Popes authoritie and popish religion to be established. The Puritans though they differ in Ceremonies and accidentes, yet they agree with us in substance of religion, and I thinke all or the moste parte of them love his Majestie, and the presente state, and I hope will yield to conformitie. He displayed some sympathy to the Puritan cause, writing to Robert Cecil, Secretary of State to James I in 1604: The Archbishop of York was Matthew Hutton. Browne had taken his followers into exile in Middelburg, and Penry urged the London Separatists to emigrate in order to escape persecution, so after his death they went to Amsterdam. Henry Barrow, John Greenwood, and John Penry were executed for sedition in 1593. Under this policy, London Underground Church members were repeatedly imprisoned from 1566, and then Robert Browne and his followers were imprisoned in Norfolk during the 1580s. The Seditious Sectaries Act 1592 was specifically aimed at outlawing the Brownists. The penalties included imprisonment and larger fines for conducting unofficial services. Under the Act of Uniformity 1559, it was illegal not to attend official Church of England services, with a fine of one shilling (£0.05 about £20 today) for each missed Sunday and holy day. The Separatist movement was controversial. As Separatists, they held that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be independent of the trappings, traditions, and organization of a central church. Their congregations held Brownist beliefs-that true churches were voluntary democratic congregations, not whole Christian nations-as taught by Robert Browne, John Greenwood, and Henry Barrowe. The core of the group was brought together around 1605 when they quit the Church of England to form Separatist congregations in Nottinghamshire, England, led by John Robinson, Richard Clyfton, and John Smyth. History įurther information: Scrooby Congregation Memorial at Immingham, England, to the departure of congregation members for Holland in 1608 The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. They established Plymouth Colony in 1620, where they erected Congregationalist churches. After several years living in exile in Holland, they determined to establish a new settlement in the New World and arranged with investors to fund them. They held many of the same Calvinist religious beliefs as Puritans, but unlike Puritans (who wanted to purify the established church), Pilgrims maintained that their congregations should separate from the English state church, which led to them being labeled Separatists. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownists, or Separatists, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands. The Pilgrims, also known as the Pilgrim Fathers, were the English settlers who traveled to America on the Mayflower and established the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts ( John Smith had named this territory New Plymouth in 1620, sharing the name of the Pilgrims' final departure port of Plymouth, Devon). ![]() The Embarkation of the Pilgrims (1857) by American painter Robert Walter Weir at the Brooklyn Museum ![]() For other uses, see Pilgrim (disambiguation). This article is about the English settlers of New England. ![]()
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